HEMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA TRAUMÁTICA: UNA REVISION NARRATIVA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51437/nj.v27i2.203Keywords:
Hemorragia subaracnoidea traumática, fisiopatología, tratamiento, complicaciones.Abstract
ResumenIntroducción: La hemorragia subaracnoidea traumática (HSAt), es una afección poco estudiada y con fisiopatología no clara en su totalidad. En general se plantean cinco teorías que de manera individual o al integradas podrían aclarar las bases para la comprensión de esta entidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es realizar una actualización de la temática para el neurocirujano y los especialistas de cuidados intensivos que manejan integralmente este tipo de pacientes.
Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed y Google Académico con palabras claves como Hemorragia Subaracnoidea Postraumática (HSAt) en combinación con otros términos genéricos como: fisiopatología, tratamiento y complicaciones, priorizando artículos de los últimos 20 años.
Resultados: Se obtuvieron 40 artículos cuyo análisis arrojó las siguientes características de contenido: el diagnostico se basa en neuro-imágenes. La tomografía computada de cráneo simple es el estudio de mayor disponibilidad que permite un acercamiento inicial a una de las tres clasificaciones actualmente disponibles. Aunque la resonancia magnética no es de elección, las secuencias específicas como FLAIR, susceptibilidad magnética (SWi) y la inversión de gradiente eco (GRE), son útiles y sensibles para el diagnóstico. El manejo debe dirigirse a evitar lesiones secundarias, y desarrollo de complicaciones debido a su relación con pobre desenlace, especialmente en relación con complicaciones de tipo cardiovascular. A pesar de la prevalencia de la enfermedad, existe poca investigación en esta temática.
Conclusiones: La HSAt es una patología frecuente y juega un papel importante en el desenlace de los pacientes debido al riesgo de desarrollo de complicaciones cardio y cerebro-vasculares (vasoespasmo, arritmias, disfunción miocárdica). La literatura médica referente a la fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento, es escaza y en general se realizan aproximaciones terapéuticas basadas en estudios de pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea de origen nó traumático.
Palabras clave: Hemorragia subaracnoidea traumática, fisiopatología, tratamiento, complicaciones.
References
Agrawal, M, Modi, N & deoSinhac, V 2014, 'Neurological outcome in patients of traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage: A study of prognostic factors & role of MRI', Indian Journal of Neurotrauma, vol 11, no. 1, pp. 10 - 16, viewed 3 Nov 2020.
Al-Mufti, , Amuluru, , Lander , M, Mathew, , El-Ghanem , , Nuom, , Park , S, Patel, , Singh, IP, Gupta, G & Gandhi, C 2018, 'Low Glasgow Coma Score in Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Predicts Development of Cerebral Vasospasm', World Neurosurgery, vol 120, pp. e68 - e71, viewed 14 Nov 2020.
Archavlis, & Carvi Y Nievas, M 2013, 'Cerebral vasospasm: a review of current developments in drug therapy and research', Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Drug Research, vol 2, no. 18, pp. 1 - 18.
Armin, S, Colohan, R & Zhang, H 2006, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: our current understanding and its evolution over the past half century', Neurological Reseach, vol 28, no. 4, pp. 445 - 452, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Collier, BR, Miller, S, Kramer, S, Balon, JA & Gonzalez, S 2004, 'Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and QTc Prolongation', Journal of Neurosurgy and Anesthesiology, vol 16, no. 3, pp. 196 - 200, viewed 8 Oct 2020.
Chieregato, , Fainardi, E, Morselli Labete, AM, Vicenzo, A, Compagnone, C, Targa, L, Kraus, J & Servadei, F 2005, 'Factors Associated with Neurological Outcome and Lesion Progression in Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients', Neurosurgery, vol 56, no. 4, pp. 671 - 680, viewed 15 Nov 2020.
Chung, & Khan, 2013, 'Traumatic brain injury (TBI): overview of diagnosis and treatment', J Neurol Neurophysiol, vol 5, no. 1, pp. 182-192, viewed 25 Nov 2020.
Dinsmore, 2013, 'Traumatic brain injury: an evidence-based review of management', Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, vol 13, no. 6, pp. 189 - 195, viewed 12 Nov 2020.
El-Fiki, MAE-GN 2015, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in developed and developing communities, World Neurosurgery.', Elsevier Ltd, vol 83, no. 2, pp. 170 – 173, viewed 9 Nov 2020.
Fawaz, A-M, Krishna , , Changa, , Lander , M, Patel , , Wajswol, , Al-Marsoummi, , Alzubaidi , B, Alzubaidi , B, Singh , , Nuoman, R & Chirag, G 2017, 'Traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm: a systematic review', Neurosurgical Focus, vol 43, no. 5, p. E14, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Fisher, CM, Kistler, JP & Davis, JM 1980, 'Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning', Neurosurgery, vol 6, no. 1, pp. 1-9.
Gálvez M, , Bravo, E, Rodriguez C, , Farías A, M & Cerda C, J 2006, 'Características de las hemorragias intracraneanes espontáneas en TC y RM', Revista Chilena de Radiología, vol 12, no. 4, pp. 12 - 25, viewed 4 Nov 2020.
Greene, KA, Marciano, FF, Johnson, BA, Jacobowitz, R, Spetzler, RF & Harrintong, TR 1995, 'Impact of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on outcome in nonpenetrating head injury: Part I: a proposed computerized tomography grading scale', Journal of neurosurgery, vol 83, no. 3, pp. 445-452.
Kapapa, T, Tjahjadi, M, König, R, Wirtz, R & Woischneck, D 2012, 'Which Clinical Variable Influences Health-Related Quality of Life the Most After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? Hunt and Hess Scale, Fisher Score, World Federation of Neurosurgeons Score, Brussels Coma Score, and Glasgow Coma Score Compared', World Neurosurgery, vol 80, no. 6, pp. 853 - 858, viewed Nov 2020.
Kramer , R, Winer, JL, Matthew Pease, BA, Amar , P & William J, M 2013, 'Cerebral Vasospasm in Traumatic Brain Injury', Neurology Research International, vol 2013, pp. 1 -7, viewed 19 Nov 2020.
Lin, T, Tsai, H & Hsieh, T 2012, 'The impact of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on outcome: A study with grouping of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and transcranial Doppler sonography', Journal of trauma and acute care, vol 73, no. 1, pp. 131 - 136, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Lopes Alho, J, Silva Paiva, , Oliveira Amorim, , Gadelha Figueiredo, , Ferreira de Andrade, & Teixeira, 2018, 'Hemorragia subaracnóidea traumática Aspectos clínicos, radiológicos e complicações', Jornal Brasileiro de Neurocirugia, vol 19, no. 3, pp. 31 - 36, viewed 7 Nov 2020.
Macdonald , R, Kassell, F, Mayer, S, Ruefenacht, , Schmiedek, , Weidauer, , Frey, , Roux, & Pasqualin, 2008, 'Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial', Stroke, vol 39, no. 11, pp. 3015 - 3021, viewed 01 Nov 2020.
Macdonald, L, Higashida, RT, Keller, , Mayer, SA, Molyneux, A, Raabe, A, Vajkoczy, , Wanke, , Bach, D, Pharm, , Marr, , Roux, & Kassell, 2011, 'Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2)', The Lancet Neurology, vol 10, no. 7, pp. P618 - p625.
Macdonald, LR, Higashida, T, Keller, , Mayer, SA, Molyneux, , Raabe, , Vajkoczy, , Wanke, , Bach, , Frey, , Nowbakht, P, Roux, & Kassell , 2012, 'Randomized Trial of Clazosentan in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Undergoing Endovascular Coiling: CONSCIOUS-3', Stroke, vol 43, pp. 1463 – 1469, viewed 11 Nov 2020.
Malik N, A, Gross, A, Rosalind Lai, P, Moses, ZB & Du, R 2015, 'Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', World Neurosurgery, vol 83, no. 6, pp. 880 - 885, viewed 15 Oct 2020.
Mattioli , , Beretta, , Gerevini, , Veglia, F, Citerio, , Cormio, & Stocchetti, 2003, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on the computerized tomography scan obtained at admission: a multicenter assessment of the accuracy of diagnosis and the potential impact on patient outcome', Journal of Neurosurgery, vol 98, no. 1, pp. 37 - 42, viewed 5 Nov 2020.
Mazzini, L, Campini, R, Angelino , E, Rognone, F, Pastore, I & Oliveri, G 2003, 'Posttraumatic hydrocephalus: a clinical, neuroradiologic, and neuropsychologic assessment of long-term outcome', Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, vol 84, no. 11, pp. 1637-1641.
Moreno Lozada, SL 2012, 'Muertes y lesiones por accidentes de transporte, Colombia, 2012', Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forences, pp. 351 - 400, viewed 5 Nov 2020, <https://www.medicinalegal.gov.co/documents/20143/49514/Accidentes+De+Transito.pdf>.
Morris, GF & Marshall, LF 1997, 'O-5-64 - A new, practical classification of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage', Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, vol 99, no. Supl1, p. S16, viewed 25 Oct 2020.
Murray , GD, Teasdale , GM, Braakman, R, Dearden , M, Iannotti , F, Karimi, A, Lapierre , F & Maas , A 1999, 'The European Brain Injury Consortium survey of head injuries', Acta Neurochirurgica, vol 141, no. 3, pp. 223 - 236, viewed 6 Nov 2020.
Oertel , , Obri, D, Borcardin , JW, Obrist, W, Glenn, T, McArthur, D, Gravori, T, Hong Lee, & Martin, 2005, 'Posttraumatic vasospasm: the epidemiology, severity, and time course of an underestimated phenomenon: a prospective study performed in 299 patients', Journal fo neurosurgery, vol 103, no. 5, pp. 812 - 24, viewed 2 Nov 2020.
Papanikolaou , , Spathoulas, , Makris , , Koukoubani , & Zakynthinos, 2016, 'Hemodynamic challenges in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by cerebral vasospasm', The American Journal Of Emergency Medicine, vol 34, no. 5, pp. 904 - 906, viewed 20 Nov 2020.
Parchani, A, El-Menyar, A, Al-Thani, , El-Faramawy, , Zarour, , Asim, & Latifi, 2014, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage due to motor vehicle crash versus fall from height: A 4-year epidemiologic study', World Neurosurgery, vol 82, no. 5, pp. e639-e644, viewed Nov October 2020.
Perrin, A, Petri, L, Reis, A, Baumann, A & Meters, P 2015, 'Cerebral vasospasm after traumatic brain injury: an update.', Minerva Anestesiologica., vol 81, no. 11, pp. 1219 - 1228, viewed 11 Nov 2020.
Ranieri, M, Finsterer, , Bedini, G, Parati, EA & Bersano, A 2018, 'Takotsubo Syndrome: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Relationship with Cerebrovascular Diseases', Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, vol 18, no. 12, pp. 1 - 12, viewed 25 Oct 2020.
Rubiano, A & al., E 2014, 'Guía colombiana de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes adultos con trauma craneoencefálico severo', Guias practica clinica MinSalud Colombia , vol 23, no. 3, pp. 235–253., viewed 10 Noviembre 2020, <http://gpc.minsalud.gov.co/gpc_sites/Repositorio/Conv_563/GPC_trauma_craneo/GUIA%20_COMPLETA_TCE_MEDITECH.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2Fgpc%5Fsites%2F%5Flayouts%2F15%2Fmobile%2Fviewa%2Easpx%3FList%3Dc438d48d%2Dd85c%2D47a9%2Db91d%2Dea980ca0c60a%26View%3Dc81f0233%>.
Sarkari, A, Gupta, DK, Sinha, S, Kale, SS & Mahapatra, AK 2010, 'Post-traumatic hydrocephalus: Presentation, management and outcome—An apex trauma centre experience', Indian Journal of Neurotrauma, vol 7, no. 2, pp. 135-138.
Shin, JH, Hwang, SK, Cho, DS, Kim, S & Park, D 2006, 'Study of Factors associated with Neurological Outcome in Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', Korean Journal of Neurotraumatlogy Society, vol 2, no. 1, pp. 18 - 24, viewed 3 Nov 2020.
Tian, HL, Xu, T, Hu, J, Cui, YH, Chen, H & Zhou, LF 2008, 'Risk factors related to hydrocephalus after traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage', Surgical neurology, vol 69, no. 3, pp. 241-246.
Tu, CJ, Liu, JS, Song, DG, Zhen, G, Luo, HM, Liu, WG & Dong, XQ 2011, 'Maximum Thickness of Subarachnoid Blood is Associated with Mortality in Patients with Traumatic Subarachnoid Haemorrhage', The Journal of International Medical Research, vol 39, pp. 1757 – 1765, viewed 10 Nov 2020.
van der Bilt, I, Hasan, , van den Brink, R, Cramer, M, van der Jagt, , van Kooten, , Meertens, , van den Berg, , Groen, R, Cate, FT, Kamp, , Götte, , Horn, , Groeneveld, , Vandertop, , Algra, , Visser, F, Wilde, & Rinkel, 2014, 'Cardiac dysfunction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Relationship with outcome', American Academy of Neurology, vol 82, no. 4, pp. 351 - 358, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Vergouwen, D, Vermeulen, M & Roos, YB 2006, 'Effect of nimodipine on outcome in patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review', The Lancet Neurology, vol 5, no. 12, pp. 1029-1032.
von der Brelie, , Schneegans, , van den Boom , , Meier, U, Hedderich, & Lemcke, 2015, 'Impaired coagulation is a risk factor for clinical and radiologic deterioration in patients with traumatic brain injury and isolated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage', The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol 79, no. 2, pp. 295 - 300, viewed 13 Nov 2020.
Wu, Z, Li, S, Lei, J & Haacke, EM 2010, 'Evaluation of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage using susceptibility-weighted imaging', American journal of neuroradiology, vol 31, no. 7, pp. 1302-1310.
Al-Mufti, , Amuluru, , Lander , M, Mathew, , El-Ghanem , , Nuom, , Park , S, Patel, , Singh, IP, Gupta, G & Gandhi, C 2018, 'Low Glasgow Coma Score in Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Predicts Development of Cerebral Vasospasm', World Neurosurgery, vol 120, pp. e68 - e71, viewed 14 Nov 2020.
Archavlis, & Carvi Y Nievas, M 2013, 'Cerebral vasospasm: a review of current developments in drug therapy and research', Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Drug Research, vol 2, no. 18, pp. 1 - 18.
Armin, S, Colohan, R & Zhang, H 2006, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: our current understanding and its evolution over the past half century', Neurological Reseach, vol 28, no. 4, pp. 445 - 452, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Collier, BR, Miller, S, Kramer, S, Balon, JA & Gonzalez, S 2004, 'Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and QTc Prolongation', Journal of Neurosurgy and Anesthesiology, vol 16, no. 3, pp. 196 - 200, viewed 8 Oct 2020.
Chieregato, , Fainardi, E, Morselli Labete, AM, Vicenzo, A, Compagnone, C, Targa, L, Kraus, J & Servadei, F 2005, 'Factors Associated with Neurological Outcome and Lesion Progression in Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients', Neurosurgery, vol 56, no. 4, pp. 671 - 680, viewed 15 Nov 2020.
Chung, & Khan, 2013, 'Traumatic brain injury (TBI): overview of diagnosis and treatment', J Neurol Neurophysiol, vol 5, no. 1, pp. 182-192, viewed 25 Nov 2020.
Dinsmore, 2013, 'Traumatic brain injury: an evidence-based review of management', Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, vol 13, no. 6, pp. 189 - 195, viewed 12 Nov 2020.
El-Fiki, MAE-GN 2015, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in developed and developing communities, World Neurosurgery.', Elsevier Ltd, vol 83, no. 2, pp. 170 – 173, viewed 9 Nov 2020.
Fawaz, A-M, Krishna , , Changa, , Lander , M, Patel , , Wajswol, , Al-Marsoummi, , Alzubaidi , B, Alzubaidi , B, Singh , , Nuoman, R & Chirag, G 2017, 'Traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm: a systematic review', Neurosurgical Focus, vol 43, no. 5, p. E14, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Fisher, CM, Kistler, JP & Davis, JM 1980, 'Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning', Neurosurgery, vol 6, no. 1, pp. 1-9.
Gálvez M, , Bravo, E, Rodriguez C, , Farías A, M & Cerda C, J 2006, 'Características de las hemorragias intracraneanes espontáneas en TC y RM', Revista Chilena de Radiología, vol 12, no. 4, pp. 12 - 25, viewed 4 Nov 2020.
Greene, KA, Marciano, FF, Johnson, BA, Jacobowitz, R, Spetzler, RF & Harrintong, TR 1995, 'Impact of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on outcome in nonpenetrating head injury: Part I: a proposed computerized tomography grading scale', Journal of neurosurgery, vol 83, no. 3, pp. 445-452.
Kapapa, T, Tjahjadi, M, König, R, Wirtz, R & Woischneck, D 2012, 'Which Clinical Variable Influences Health-Related Quality of Life the Most After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? Hunt and Hess Scale, Fisher Score, World Federation of Neurosurgeons Score, Brussels Coma Score, and Glasgow Coma Score Compared', World Neurosurgery, vol 80, no. 6, pp. 853 - 858, viewed Nov 2020.
Kramer , R, Winer, JL, Matthew Pease, BA, Amar , P & William J, M 2013, 'Cerebral Vasospasm in Traumatic Brain Injury', Neurology Research International, vol 2013, pp. 1 -7, viewed 19 Nov 2020.
Lin, T, Tsai, H & Hsieh, T 2012, 'The impact of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on outcome: A study with grouping of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and transcranial Doppler sonography', Journal of trauma and acute care, vol 73, no. 1, pp. 131 - 136, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Lopes Alho, J, Silva Paiva, , Oliveira Amorim, , Gadelha Figueiredo, , Ferreira de Andrade, & Teixeira, 2018, 'Hemorragia subaracnóidea traumática Aspectos clínicos, radiológicos e complicações', Jornal Brasileiro de Neurocirugia, vol 19, no. 3, pp. 31 - 36, viewed 7 Nov 2020.
Macdonald , R, Kassell, F, Mayer, S, Ruefenacht, , Schmiedek, , Weidauer, , Frey, , Roux, & Pasqualin, 2008, 'Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial', Stroke, vol 39, no. 11, pp. 3015 - 3021, viewed 01 Nov 2020.
Macdonald, L, Higashida, RT, Keller, , Mayer, SA, Molyneux, A, Raabe, A, Vajkoczy, , Wanke, , Bach, D, Pharm, , Marr, , Roux, & Kassell, 2011, 'Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2)', The Lancet Neurology, vol 10, no. 7, pp. P618 - p625.
Macdonald, LR, Higashida, T, Keller, , Mayer, SA, Molyneux, , Raabe, , Vajkoczy, , Wanke, , Bach, , Frey, , Nowbakht, P, Roux, & Kassell , 2012, 'Randomized Trial of Clazosentan in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Undergoing Endovascular Coiling: CONSCIOUS-3', Stroke, vol 43, pp. 1463 – 1469, viewed 11 Nov 2020.
Malik N, A, Gross, A, Rosalind Lai, P, Moses, ZB & Du, R 2015, 'Neurogenic Stress Cardiomyopathy After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', World Neurosurgery, vol 83, no. 6, pp. 880 - 885, viewed 15 Oct 2020.
Mattioli , , Beretta, , Gerevini, , Veglia, F, Citerio, , Cormio, & Stocchetti, 2003, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on the computerized tomography scan obtained at admission: a multicenter assessment of the accuracy of diagnosis and the potential impact on patient outcome', Journal of Neurosurgery, vol 98, no. 1, pp. 37 - 42, viewed 5 Nov 2020.
Mazzini, L, Campini, R, Angelino , E, Rognone, F, Pastore, I & Oliveri, G 2003, 'Posttraumatic hydrocephalus: a clinical, neuroradiologic, and neuropsychologic assessment of long-term outcome', Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, vol 84, no. 11, pp. 1637-1641.
Moreno Lozada, SL 2012, 'Muertes y lesiones por accidentes de transporte, Colombia, 2012', Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forences, pp. 351 - 400, viewed 5 Nov 2020, <https://www.medicinalegal.gov.co/documents/20143/49514/Accidentes+De+Transito.pdf>.
Morris, GF & Marshall, LF 1997, 'O-5-64 - A new, practical classification of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage', Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, vol 99, no. Supl1, p. S16, viewed 25 Oct 2020.
Murray , GD, Teasdale , GM, Braakman, R, Dearden , M, Iannotti , F, Karimi, A, Lapierre , F & Maas , A 1999, 'The European Brain Injury Consortium survey of head injuries', Acta Neurochirurgica, vol 141, no. 3, pp. 223 - 236, viewed 6 Nov 2020.
Oertel , , Obri, D, Borcardin , JW, Obrist, W, Glenn, T, McArthur, D, Gravori, T, Hong Lee, & Martin, 2005, 'Posttraumatic vasospasm: the epidemiology, severity, and time course of an underestimated phenomenon: a prospective study performed in 299 patients', Journal fo neurosurgery, vol 103, no. 5, pp. 812 - 24, viewed 2 Nov 2020.
Papanikolaou , , Spathoulas, , Makris , , Koukoubani , & Zakynthinos, 2016, 'Hemodynamic challenges in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated by cerebral vasospasm', The American Journal Of Emergency Medicine, vol 34, no. 5, pp. 904 - 906, viewed 20 Nov 2020.
Parchani, A, El-Menyar, A, Al-Thani, , El-Faramawy, , Zarour, , Asim, & Latifi, 2014, 'Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage due to motor vehicle crash versus fall from height: A 4-year epidemiologic study', World Neurosurgery, vol 82, no. 5, pp. e639-e644, viewed Nov October 2020.
Perrin, A, Petri, L, Reis, A, Baumann, A & Meters, P 2015, 'Cerebral vasospasm after traumatic brain injury: an update.', Minerva Anestesiologica., vol 81, no. 11, pp. 1219 - 1228, viewed 11 Nov 2020.
Ranieri, M, Finsterer, , Bedini, G, Parati, EA & Bersano, A 2018, 'Takotsubo Syndrome: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Relationship with Cerebrovascular Diseases', Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, vol 18, no. 12, pp. 1 - 12, viewed 25 Oct 2020.
Rubiano, A & al., E 2014, 'Guía colombiana de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes adultos con trauma craneoencefálico severo', Guias practica clinica MinSalud Colombia , vol 23, no. 3, pp. 235–253., viewed 10 Noviembre 2020, <http://gpc.minsalud.gov.co/gpc_sites/Repositorio/Conv_563/GPC_trauma_craneo/GUIA%20_COMPLETA_TCE_MEDITECH.pdf?Mobile=1&Source=%2Fgpc%5Fsites%2F%5Flayouts%2F15%2Fmobile%2Fviewa%2Easpx%3FList%3Dc438d48d%2Dd85c%2D47a9%2Db91d%2Dea980ca0c60a%26View%3Dc81f0233%>.
Sarkari, A, Gupta, DK, Sinha, S, Kale, SS & Mahapatra, AK 2010, 'Post-traumatic hydrocephalus: Presentation, management and outcome—An apex trauma centre experience', Indian Journal of Neurotrauma, vol 7, no. 2, pp. 135-138.
Shin, JH, Hwang, SK, Cho, DS, Kim, S & Park, D 2006, 'Study of Factors associated with Neurological Outcome in Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', Korean Journal of Neurotraumatlogy Society, vol 2, no. 1, pp. 18 - 24, viewed 3 Nov 2020.
Tian, HL, Xu, T, Hu, J, Cui, YH, Chen, H & Zhou, LF 2008, 'Risk factors related to hydrocephalus after traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage', Surgical neurology, vol 69, no. 3, pp. 241-246.
Tu, CJ, Liu, JS, Song, DG, Zhen, G, Luo, HM, Liu, WG & Dong, XQ 2011, 'Maximum Thickness of Subarachnoid Blood is Associated with Mortality in Patients with Traumatic Subarachnoid Haemorrhage', The Journal of International Medical Research, vol 39, pp. 1757 – 1765, viewed 10 Nov 2020.
van der Bilt, I, Hasan, , van den Brink, R, Cramer, M, van der Jagt, , van Kooten, , Meertens, , van den Berg, , Groen, R, Cate, FT, Kamp, , Götte, , Horn, , Groeneveld, , Vandertop, , Algra, , Visser, F, Wilde, & Rinkel, 2014, 'Cardiac dysfunction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Relationship with outcome', American Academy of Neurology, vol 82, no. 4, pp. 351 - 358, viewed 1 Nov 2020.
Vergouwen, D, Vermeulen, M & Roos, YB 2006, 'Effect of nimodipine on outcome in patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review', The Lancet Neurology, vol 5, no. 12, pp. 1029-1032.
von der Brelie, , Schneegans, , van den Boom , , Meier, U, Hedderich, & Lemcke, 2015, 'Impaired coagulation is a risk factor for clinical and radiologic deterioration in patients with traumatic brain injury and isolated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage', The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol 79, no. 2, pp. 295 - 300, viewed 13 Nov 2020.
Wu, Z, Li, S, Lei, J & Haacke, EM 2010, 'Evaluation of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage using susceptibility-weighted imaging', American journal of neuroradiology, vol 31, no. 7, pp. 1302-1310.
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2021-04-28
How to Cite
Sánchez Parra, D. M., Ricaurte Arcos, L. E., Martínez, C., Ramírez, E., Godoy Torres, D., & Rubiano, A. M. (2021). HEMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA TRAUMÁTICA: UNA REVISION NARRATIVA. Español, 27(2), 60–81. https://doi.org/10.51437/nj.v27i2.203
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